Warning: I know that this blog post is kind of academic, so if you don't want to think at all then don't read it. I will post something a little lighter later in the week. This is my response to Robert Marstin's book Beyond Our Tribal Gods. The book has its faults, but it is a good read. In this article I reference the life of Archbishop Oscar Romero as my case study.
Throughout Christian sacred scripture the term, “hardened heart” is applied to a person or group of people who are unwilling or unable to open up to or accept a teaching or commandment from God. In the New Testament Christ is constantly frustrated by the hardness of the hearts of the people he is ministering to. Whether it be his own disciples or a group of Pharisees, the combination of unwillingness and inability to accept and or comprehend Christ’s teachings are repeatedly expressed as a “hardness of heart.” While it may sound otherwise, the hardness of heart that was displayed by the characters of the New Testament was not necessarily a bad thing. This hardness of heart was nothing more than an indication of an immature faith. Christ makes this apparent in Mark chapter 10 when the Pharisees confront him about the teachings on divorce. After the Pharisees acknowledge that the Law of Moses permits divorce Jesus continues on saying, “For your hardness of heart he wrote you this commandment. But from the beginning of creation, God made male and female. For this reason man shall leave his father and mother and be joined with his wife, and two shall become one flesh. So they are no longer two but one flesh. (Mark 10:5-8)” In this statement Jesus is clearly proclaiming that the law of Moses was written because the Mosaic Jews were a people of immature faith, whose hearts hardened, but the standard of God is much higher as indicated by Christ’s more difficult teaching further in the reading which claims divorce should not be permitted. Christ was then and still is today calling his flock to be a people of mature faith, a people of unhardened hearts.
This treacherous unraveling of the heart is a pilgrimage that every mature Christian must make. In Beyond Our Tribal Gods, Robert Marstin attempts a noble effort to document this journey from a hardened heart to a mature faith. His argument is essentially that a mature faith is one marked by the realization that inherent human dignity exists. While Marstin does make his point, I found much of the language in his book to be poorly selected and confusing. In order to resolve this confusion, I have examined his texts and using my own language have isolated eight essential characteristics or stepping stones that a that a person and eventually a society must go through to obtain Marstin’s “mature faith”. These eight characteristics mark the foundation of the journey from the hardened heart to a living breathing mature Christian faith. Each characteristic of mature faith is essential to this journey and build upon those that precede it. I would argue that instead of being individual characteristics, that these eight characteristics represent a point in ones evolution from a hardened heart to a mature faith. I will vitally tie in Marstin’s arguments with my own and will support my claims by providing examples from the life of Archbishop Oscar Romero.
Religious Impulse
The integral and foundational characteristic of a mature Christian faith is the religious impulse. In essence the religious impulse as Marstin describes it is the realization that there is something beyond the obvious physical world, and opens humans to the prospect that there is something above and beyond the present, and allows us to consider our actions as “provisional and under judgement for what is to come. (Marstin 47)” The religious impulse allows us to see beyond the status quo and not accept the apparent, but to challenge it in search of righteousness or justice. When this impulse is abandoned we accept the status quo because, “that is just the way it is (Marstin 47).”
The reason that this religious impulse is so important to mature faith, is that it keeps us constantly seeking something beyond reality. It allows us to not accept what is simply because it is, but to challenge reality and seek truth and justice. The religious impulse became apparent when Romero began to first question the injustice that was being served to the poor of his diocese soon after he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Santiago de Maria. While it was at this point the religious impulse became apparent in Romero, it must have been there brewing throughout his priesthood and continued to grow until he realized that there was no other option to act. Romero even admits that his religious impulse was numbed by so many years of serving away from the poor from which he came. A numbness that quickly subsided when he again experienced the plight of the poor in Santiago de Maria.
Experience of Changing Proportion
Marstin equates growth in faith with the ability to identify with others, to see things from their perspectives, and to notice the link between the fortunes of one person to the misfortunes of another. This is the next step on the road from the hardened heart to mature faith. While the religious impulse leads one to question the world around him, it takes an experience of changing proportion, that inevitably links the fortunes of one man to the misfortunes of another.
For Romero this experience was the plight of the poor in Santiago de Maria. The observation that Romero made while Bishop,was one that saw men and women in Santiago de Maria who were hard at work in the field all day, but still sleeping on the streets. He made the connection that it was unfair for these people to be working all day and not receiving a livable wage. In this Romero, realized that there was a link between the fortunes of the wealthy landowners and the misfortunes of the poor peasant laborers. A realization that would change him forever.
Conversion of Self
Marstin rightly notes that those who are sensitive to injustice still have a choice. A choice to turn a blind eye to the situation, or to do something about it. The response of the hardened heart would be to choose to turn a blind eye to injustice, and is often the place where most of humanity fails. But for the few that do choose to take on injustice something happens, a change within. By making this decision one becomes converted from the desire to serve one’s self to dedicating themselves to eradicate injustice. This is what is known as the conversion of self. While this conversion may not happen overnight, the conversion of self is a choice that must take place in order for one to take action. Romero had to choose to serve the poor of Santiago de Maria long before any action could take place, this choice is the was the manifestation of Romero’s self conversion.
Action on an Individual Level
Finally we arrive at action, one of the most integral characteristics of a mature faith. In the book of James claims that “faith without works is dead. (James 2:17)” In his book Marstin clearly agrees with this assessment. In Chapter 3 Marstin states that the maturity of our faith should be judged by our action, not just our ideas. It is after all action that changes society, it cannot be done by ideas alone. I chose to use the term individual action, because that is where it must start. The individual must move beyond deciding to do something to actually doing it. This action, an actual movement towards justice, is the greatest characteristic of faith. It is through these individual actions that change is fostered. Not only is action inspiring change, but it encourages and inspires the marginalized as well as others who may be desiring to take action in pursuit of justice.
For Romero this individual action began while he was Bishop of Santiago de Maria. After he had realized that the poor were being taken advantage of he chose to do something about it. Using his authority as Bishop Romero provided much needed food and shelter for those of his flock that needed it. This action, however simple it may have seemed, marked a gigantic step on the Romero’s path to mature faith. Romero had taken action and done what so many of his peers in positions of authority were unwilling to do, stand up to injustice and take the side of the poor.
Solidarity
Another important characteristic of a mature faith is solidarity. Mastin and I would agree that the building of a community of solidarity is essential to the mature faith. What I mean by the term “community of solidarity” is the formation of a group of people regardless of their economic, social, religious, or political backgrounds joining together to stand up for injustice. Those in power joining in solidarity with the marginalized is incredibly important because it gives those who would not normally have one a voice. To me a group of people who have joined together in solidarity mark the ultimate maturation of faith, to see a group of people banded together in a state of solidarity is one of the most powerful statements that could be made and Romero proved this.
Solidarity with the people came abruptly for Romero with the death of Padre Grande. By choosing to hold an Archdiocesan funeral mass for Fr. Grande the newly elected Archbishop Romero was making a statement, a statement of solidarity. Romero was sending a message to the Salvadoran aristocracy, that injustice was no longer going to be tolerated by the Church or its people. Suddenly the poor and marginalized of El Salvador had a loud booming voice speaking for them and in solidarity with them. Romero, as a statement of his solidarity with his flock, began to visit and listen to the poor in his Archdiocese. Through the resurrection of the Archdiocesan radio station the Archbishop literally gave the poor a voice by speaking on their behalf during his radio show and his homilies which were both broadcast for all to hear. Romero was acting in solidarity with his people in order to stand up to injustice, a tradition that he continued until his death.
Activism
Marstin believes that activism is an essential quality of a mature faith, where I do not necessarily agree. While activism certainly is a characteristic that can be had by someone of a mature faith, I do not believe that it is essential to a mature faith. But it is worth mentioning especially when considering the case of Archbishop Romero. Certainly solidarity leads to activism in some cases, but unlike all of the previous characteristics of faith one cannot claim that another is not mature in their faith if they are not an activist.
Activism is a step beyond solidarity. It is putting a foot forward in order to prevent an injustice, while risking personal harm to oneself or family. Romero was an activist, because he not only spoke out in solidarity with the poor, but he publicly condemned the actions of the ruling class that he was once a part of. Romero showed his activism by refusing to meet publicly with government officials, encouraging the poor to stand up for themselves and risking his life to publicly defend the poor. In a way Romero’s actions of activism were an extension of his solidarity, an extension that would result in his assassination.
Societal Change and Liberation
Societal change and liberation are the final two characteristics of a mature faith and the ultimate goal of those seeking justice. These characteristics are not ones that can be possesed by an individual who is mature in faith, but would surely be displayed by a society of mature faith. When solidarity and activism spark a societal change that leads to the liberation of the oppressed, truly the people of a nation that can do this are a people of mature faith. Liberation was never able to be achieved for El Salvador during or after Romero’s life, it is the true sign of a nation whose people are a people of faith who no longer maintain hardened hearts.








